Synergistically positive effects of brick walls and farmlands on Anthophora waltoni populations
Corresponding Author
Zhenghua Xie
Department of Environmental Entomology, Research Institute of Insect Resources, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, China
Correspondence: Zhenghua Xie. Tel.: 0086-871-63862047; e-mail: [email protected] Jianmin Wang. Tel.: 0086-871-63169621; e-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorMohamed A. Shebl
Department of Plant Protections, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Search for more papers by this authorDongdong Pan
Department of Statistics, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jianmin Wang
Yunnan Rural Science and Technology Service Centre, Kunming, Yunnan, China
Correspondence: Zhenghua Xie. Tel.: 0086-871-63862047; e-mail: [email protected] Jianmin Wang. Tel.: 0086-871-63169621; e-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Zhenghua Xie
Department of Environmental Entomology, Research Institute of Insect Resources, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan, China
Correspondence: Zhenghua Xie. Tel.: 0086-871-63862047; e-mail: [email protected] Jianmin Wang. Tel.: 0086-871-63169621; e-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorMohamed A. Shebl
Department of Plant Protections, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Search for more papers by this authorDongdong Pan
Department of Statistics, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jianmin Wang
Yunnan Rural Science and Technology Service Centre, Kunming, Yunnan, China
Correspondence: Zhenghua Xie. Tel.: 0086-871-63862047; e-mail: [email protected] Jianmin Wang. Tel.: 0086-871-63169621; e-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
- Some wild bees can persist in human-altered habitats in the face of global wild bee decline. To date, however, little is known about why those bees can tolerate human disturbances. Here we hypothesized that wild bees living in human-altered habitats could achieve their nesting resources and floral resources. Moreover, persistent provision of those resources could enhance their populations.
- The foraging areas of solitary, cavity-nesting bees Anthophora waltoni were determined in two agricultural ecosystems with rich bee populations. The influences of seminatural habitats, nesting resources and farmlands on A. waltoni visit density were assessed by modelling bee density against landscape factors in 17 agricultural ecosystems. Moreover, temporal availabilities of those resources were measured across the last three decades.
- A. waltoni used vetch fields and field margins, instead of seminatural habitats, as foraging areas. The area of brick walls and the area of farmlands, as well as their temporal increases, synergistically positively influenced A. waltoni visit density on vetch flowers. The percentage of buildings and farmlands increased across the last three decades in spite of a slowdown in 5-year growth of brick walls.
- The results demonstrated the synergistically positive effects of nesting resources and floral resources, as well as persistent provisions of those resources, on A. waltoni populations in agricultural ecosystems. A. waltoni could live in the human-altered habitats because they persistently achieved their nesting resources and floral resources.
Open Research
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Supporting Information
Filename | Description |
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afe12384-sup-0001-Supinfo.docWord document, 4.8 MB | Table S1. Accuracies of satellite images used to derive land covers from 1988 to 2018. Table S2. Correlations between the area of brick walls (m2) and the area of buildings (m2) at spatial scales ranging from 50 m to 500 m. Table S3. Scale of effect determined by calculating correlation coefficients between Anthophora waltoni visit density and landscape factors at different spatial scales ranging from 50 m to 500 m *. Table S4. Candidate models used to explore the effects of the area of semi-natural habitats, the area of brick walls, the area of farmlands and their two-way interactions on visit density of Anthophora waltoni. Table S5. Model structure and fitness with Anthophora waltoni visit density as a function of landscape factors and their two-way interactions. Table S6. Candidate models used to explore the effects of the temporal increase in buildings, the temporal increase in farmlands, the area of brick walls in 2016-2017, the area of farmlands in 2016-2017 and their two-way interactions on Anthophora waltoni. Table S7. Model structure and fitness with Anthophora waltoni visit density as a function of the temporal increase in buildings, the temporal increase in farmlands, the area of brick walls in 2016-2017, the area of farmlands in 2-16-2017 and their two-way interactions. Figure S1. The 17 study sites in Kunming, Yunnan province. Figure S2. Sampling transects in vetch patches (yellow), field margins (green) and semi-natural habitats (red) in Dawan (A) and Oolong (B). Figure S3. Examples to show the methods used to determine the years in which the brick walls are constructed. Before 2010, three brick walls (red lines) has been constructed, but a building in north was not finished yet (A). Meanwhile, the image in 2012 (B) indicated that the northern building was finished and our field inspections found two brick walls (a brick wall fence and an exterior surface of conventional house according) existed. Therefore, the two brick walls were expected to constructed between during 2011-2012 and we treated them into the class of 2011-2015. Similarly, a building in the east was not finished in 2016 (C) but completed in 2017 (D), therefore we treated the brick wall (yellow) in the class of 2016-onward. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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