An integrative approach elucidates the systematics of Sea Hayward and Cybdelis Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Biblidinae)
Corresponding Author
Fernando M. S. Dias
Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
Correspondence: Fernando M. S. Dias, Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19.020, 81.531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorRicardo R. Siewert
Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorAndré V. L. Freitas
Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorGerardo Lamas
Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
Search for more papers by this authorLuiza M. Magaldi
Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorOlaf H. H. Mielke
Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorMirna M. Casagrande
Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Fernando M. S. Dias
Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
Correspondence: Fernando M. S. Dias, Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19.020, 81.531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorRicardo R. Siewert
Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorAndré V. L. Freitas
Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorGerardo Lamas
Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
Search for more papers by this authorLuiza M. Magaldi
Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorOlaf H. H. Mielke
Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorMirna M. Casagrande
Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The systematics of the enigmatic and rather uncommon species of Sea Hayward and Cybdelis Boisduval is assessed through morphological and molecular analyses. The aim of this paper is three-fold: (i) to ascertain the phylogenetic position of Sea and Cybdelis in Biblidinae; (ii) to determine the evolutionary relationships among species of Sea and Cybdelis; and (iii) to review the taxonomy of Sea and Cybdelis. The result of the molecular analysis recovers Sea sister to Cybdelis, and this clade sister to Eubagina (sensu Lamas, 2004), rendering Epicaliina (sensu Lamas, 2004) paraphyletic. A new tribe, Cybdelini trib.n. is erected to include Sea and Cybdelis; the other genera formerly included in Epicaliina (sensu Lamas, 2004), Eunica Hübner and Sevenia Koçak are assigned to Eunicini trib.rest., and the remaining genera of Biblidinae to other previously recognized tribes, similar to those implicitly proposed by Wahlberg et al. (2009). The morphological analysis recovers similar results and the following relationships among species of Cybdelis: C. phaesyla (Hübner) (C. boliviana Salvin (C. mnasylus Doubleday (C. petronita Burmeister stat.rest. + C. thrasylla C. Felder & R. Felder stat.rest.))). Sea and Cybdelis are recognized as distinct genera; a new subspecies, S. sophronia jenkinsi Dias, Siewert & Freitas ssp.n., distributed from Venezuela to Bolivia along the Andes eastern foothills, is described; and C. petronita and C. thrasylla are accepted as valid species. Lectotypes for C. boliviana, C. peruviana Staudinger, C. mnasylus, C. thrasylla, C. petronita and C. mnasylus var. meridionalis Hall and a neotype for Vanessa sophronia Godart are designated. Additionally, dichotomous keys and distribution maps to all taxa are provided; male genitalia and hypandria are illustrated for all species; generic characters of the head, labial palpi and legs are illustrated; immature stages of some species also are figured.
The published work has been registered on ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D8EBB649-5E9D-4218-B1F1-7A69DA775FD0.
Supporting Information
Filename | Description |
---|---|
syen12327-sup-0001-TableS1.rtfWord document, 135.1 KB | Table S1. Specimens of species of Biblidinae and outgroup sampled in the molecular analysis with code and locality data. |
syen12327-sup-0002-TableS2.rtfWord document, 177.5 KB | Table S2. GenBank accession numbers. |
syen12327-sup-0003-TableS3.rtfWord document, 318 KB | Table S3. Morphological data matrix. |
syen12327-sup-0004-TableS4.rtfWord document, 309.4 KB | Table S4. List of Characters. |
syen12327-sup-0005-TableS5.rtfWord document, 257 KB | Table S5. Taxonomic catalogue of Sea Hayward and Cybdelis Boisduval. |
syen12327-sup-0006-TableS6.rtfWord document, 236.9 KB | Table S6. Studied material based on label of examined specimens of Sea Hayward and Cybdelis Boisduval. |
syen12327-sup-0007-TableS7.rtfWord document, 48.6 KB | Table S7. Systematic checklist of Sea Hayward and Cybdelis Boisduval. |
syen12327-sup-0008-TableS8.rtfWord document, 51.1 KB | Table S8. Identification keys of species of Sea Hayward and Cybdelis Boisduval. |
syen12327-sup-0009-AppendixS1.fastaPDF document, 291.4 KB | Appendix S1. Molecular data matrix. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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