Volume 44, Issue 1 p. 226-250
Original Article

An integrative approach elucidates the systematics of Sea Hayward and Cybdelis Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Biblidinae)

Fernando M. S. Dias

Corresponding Author

Fernando M. S. Dias

Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil

Correspondence: Fernando M. S. Dias, Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19.020, 81.531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author
Ricardo R. Siewert

Ricardo R. Siewert

Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil

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André V. L. Freitas

André V. L. Freitas

Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

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Gerardo Lamas

Gerardo Lamas

Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru

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Luiza M. Magaldi

Luiza M. Magaldi

Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

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Olaf H. H. Mielke

Olaf H. H. Mielke

Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil

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Mirna M. Casagrande

Mirna M. Casagrande

Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil

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First published: 03 January 2019
Citations: 5

Abstract

The systematics of the enigmatic and rather uncommon species of Sea Hayward and Cybdelis Boisduval is assessed through morphological and molecular analyses. The aim of this paper is three-fold: (i) to ascertain the phylogenetic position of Sea and Cybdelis in Biblidinae; (ii) to determine the evolutionary relationships among species of Sea and Cybdelis; and (iii) to review the taxonomy of Sea and Cybdelis. The result of the molecular analysis recovers Sea sister to Cybdelis, and this clade sister to Eubagina (sensu Lamas, 2004), rendering Epicaliina (sensu Lamas, 2004) paraphyletic. A new tribe, Cybdelini trib.n. is erected to include Sea and Cybdelis; the other genera formerly included in Epicaliina (sensu Lamas, 2004), Eunica Hübner and Sevenia Koçak are assigned to Eunicini trib.rest., and the remaining genera of Biblidinae to other previously recognized tribes, similar to those implicitly proposed by Wahlberg et al. (2009). The morphological analysis recovers similar results and the following relationships among species of Cybdelis: C. phaesyla (Hübner) (C. boliviana Salvin (C. mnasylus Doubleday (C. petronita Burmeister stat.rest. + C. thrasylla C. Felder & R. Felder stat.rest.))). Sea and Cybdelis are recognized as distinct genera; a new subspecies, S. sophronia jenkinsi Dias, Siewert & Freitas ssp.n., distributed from Venezuela to Bolivia along the Andes eastern foothills, is described; and C. petronita and C. thrasylla are accepted as valid species. Lectotypes for C. boliviana, C. peruviana Staudinger, C. mnasylus, C. thrasylla, C. petronita and C. mnasylus var. meridionalis Hall and a neotype for Vanessa sophronia Godart are designated. Additionally, dichotomous keys and distribution maps to all taxa are provided; male genitalia and hypandria are illustrated for all species; generic characters of the head, labial palpi and legs are illustrated; immature stages of some species also are figured.

The published work has been registered on ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D8EBB649-5E9D-4218-B1F1-7A69DA775FD0.